Electrical system



Aag. 26 1924.

F. C. HANKER ET AL ELECTRICAL SYSTIH original Filed sept. 27, 191s 2 Sheets-Shut l INVENTOR Frederic C Hanke/7 and Ch/es )VfL/Voss.

Aug. 26 1924.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 2 Sheets-Sho". 2

Original Filed Sent. 27, `1916 ,ms VE.

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Pf @d www A wlTNEssEs: /fj MV keiu'ea Auges, 1924.

UNITED STAT-Es AParisi;T v-oi-"I-l.cfr-1.

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rmsnvnnla, assumons ro wEs'rrNenousE ELEc'rnrc am) -niwracrua- ING GOIPANY, .A CORPORATION 0I PENNSYLVANIA.

ELECTRICAL BYSTEI.

origini in. russes, dans november i4, isaa, semi in. 122,377, mea september a?, 191e appunti for reissue illed lay 31, 1884. Serial llo. 717,147. i

To all 'whom it may comer/n:

Be it known that we, FREDERIC C. HANKER and CHARLES MCL. Moss, citizens of the United States, residing, res tively: at Wils kinsbur in the county o Alle eny and State o Pennsylvania., and at ittsburgh in the county of Allegheny and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new l and useful Improvements in lElectrical Sys- 10 tems; and we do hereby declare the followingto be a full, clear, andexact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same. Our invention relates to electrical systems and particularly to-such' systems in which a converter or other similar device is adapted to be automatically startedv and control ed for the purpose of supplying energy to a 20 circuit,'under predetermined conditions.

One object of-our invention is to provide a system-of the -above indicated character that shall have aplurality of relay-conv trolled circuit interrupters for automatically starting and connecting a converter to a circuit, under redetermined conditions.

Another o ject of our-invention is to provide means whereby an interpole rotary converter may be automatically started, under so predetermined conditions. Another object of our invention is to provide means whereby the polarity of -a converter may be accurately and automatically controlled. 1 85 f Another object of our invention is to provide a system of the labove indicated character that shall have a plurality controlled interlocked circuit interrupters for eecting the Vautomatic starting and stop- 40 pingoftheconverter.

A further objectv of our invention' is to provide a system of the above indicated character that shall be simple to construct and eicient in its operation. 6

rovide a plurality of relay-controlledinterocked circuit interrupters for automatically starti a rotary converter and a polarized relay or so controlling a field-winding reof relayl In the carrying-out of our invention, we

' Vversing switch `that the correct polarity lof the converter is assured beforefit is connected to the direct-current circuit. We further provide a relay dependent upon the di'erence in voltage between the converter and the direct-current circuit for controlling the connection therebetween.

Inthe accompanying drawingsz Figure 1.1s a diagammatic view of an'Y electrical system em dying our invention, and

'Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the saine circuits and apparatus, in which parts. An

like reference characters are applied to like and a rotary or synchronous converter 3 connected therebetween. It is frequently-desirable to cause the converter 3 to be started and stopped in accordance withfpiiedetermined load and voltage conditions in the direct-current circuit 2. If the converter 3 is located a relatively great distance from the source of alternating current, it is desirable that the startin and stopping of the converter be accompishedby automatic means and, in so'doing, the overhead cost of operatinhthe substation` will be relatively small. at is, if the converterl 3 can be caused to operate'onl whenY a predetermined load is connected?, circuit, vit will be understood that. the only losses in the. substation .will obtain when the rotary converter is supglying energy.

Y. The conductors of e'circuit 1 are operatively connected through a disconnecting cuit interrupter 9, to the collector ybrushes 10 of the converter 3, and, similarly, therelatively high-potential taps of the `ondary winding' 8 ofthetransformer 7 are to the direct-current winding 8 o the transformer g .l 7 are operatively connected, through a fcirconnected', through a circuit interrupter 11,'

to the collector brushes 10 ofthe converter 3'.

. Calls Thus, when the -interrupters and 9 are closed, thealternatin -current end of the rotary converter 3 w' be supplied with alternat' current at a relatively low potentia.l, an when the interrupter 9 is opened pole, double-throw control switch 13 that is so interlocked therewith that it will assume the one or the other of its positions in accordance with the ositon of the circuit interrupter 9. Simi arly, the circuit interrupter 11 is provided with a threele, doublehrow control switch 14 with w ich it is so interlocked as to assume various positions in accordance with the positions of the interrupter. v

A voltage relay 15 is connected across the direct-current circuit 2 for the ur ose of the interrupter 5 to be c ose when the vo tage across the circuit 2 dropsto a predetermined relatively low value. That 1s, if the'circuit 2 represents a section of a direct-current railway circuit, it is advisable to supply energy to that circuit only whenv a car or locomotive is traversing the same. Thus, when the locomotive is receiving energy from the circuit 2, the voltage thereacross will drop and the rela 15 will complete a circuit 16 that com rises a conductor 17, a conductor 18 and t e operating winding of an electromagnetic switch 19. The conductors 17 and 18 are operatively connected to the terminals 20 and 21 of the secondary winding 22 of a transformer 23, the primary winding 24 of which is connected to the circuit 41. When the relay 15 o crates, the operatin winding of the switc 19 will be energize and its bridging contact member 25 will engage its stationary contact memi bers 26'for the purpose of completing a circuitfrom the terminal 21 of the transformer 23 through the closing coil 27 of the interrupter 5, the stationary contact member 28 and the movablecontact member 29 of the switch 14 to the other terminal 20 of the transformer 23. Consequently, when the relay 15 operates, the circuit interru ter 5 is closed. A switch 30 is provided t at may be either hand-operated or controlled by a clock or other suitable means for effecting the closure of the circuit interrupter 5, under predetermined conditions.

When the circuit interrupter 5 is closed,

its control switch 12 will assume the position shown in the drawing, whereby the winding 31 of a brush-lifting device 32 is energized for 'the purpose of raising the brus es 33 from the commutator cylinder 34. That is, a circuit is completed from the ter-v minal 21 of the transformer 23 through the switch 12, the switch 14 the winding 31 of the brush-lifting device 32 and the movable contact member 35 of a switch 36, that is actuated by the brush-lifting device 32, to the terminal 20 of the transformer 23. Thus as soon as the circuit interrupter 5 is closed, its switch 12 so controls the energization of the electromagnet 31 as to raise all except two of the brushes 33, from the commutator cylinder 34. When the brush-lifting device 32 thus o crates, its movable bridging contact member 37 e ages stationary contact-.members 38* for ltlge purpose of completin a circuit from they terminal 21 'lliy of the trans ormer 23 through the switch ilg contact memberv 40 of the switch 39 1s a apted to engage stationary contact members 41 for the purpose of compl cuit through the closing coil 42 of t e circuit interrupter 9. Hence, as soon as certain of the brushes are raised from -the commutator cylinder, the circuit interrupter 9 1s closed and alternating current of relatively low potential is deliveredpto the converter 3.

Since one brush of each polarity remains on the commutator cylinder when certain of the brushes 33 are raised, a polarized relay 44, that is connected across the brushes of the rotary converter 3, that are not raised will causeits movable contact member 47 to indicate the polarit of the rotary con verter 3. When no vo tage is impressed on the relay 44 and when a momentary alternat- 1ng current traverses the same, the movable contact member 47 is adapted to remain in` passes through its zero position or slips a v pole, and when such conditions obtain, the relay 44 will reverseand permit the switch 49 to return to itsy initial position. In this manner, the correct polarity of the con-I verter 3 is assured under all conditions.

' 39 is caused to operate. The movable brid a cir- If the movable contact member 47 of the relay 44 engages its stationary contact member 51, which may be assumed tobe in posi-` tion for the correct polarity of the converter 3, an electromagnetic switch 52 will be operated for the purpose of com leting the circuit through the tripping e ectrom-agnet 53 of the interrupter' 9. If the larity of the converter 3 is correct, the interrupter 9 will be o ned and its control switch 13 will cause an e ectromagnetic switch 54 to be energized which, in turn, will cause its bridging contact -member 55 to enga itsstationary contact members 56 for t e pu of energizing the closing coil 57 oft e interrupter 11. When the clos' 57 is ener ed, the interrupter 11 wilbe closed an its control switch 14 will 'be thrown into the position shown in the drawin When the switch 14 is operated, a cir'- cuit is com leted through the winding 43 of the brushfting device 32 for the purpose diierence in voltage between the converter 3 ru `58will enga bers 60 for of lowering the brushes 33. At the same time, the movable contact member 29 ofthe switch 14 disengages the stationary contact member 28 to interrupt the circuits extending through the closing coil 27 of the circuit interrupter 5 and the operating coil of the switch `52.l The switches 52 and 54 thereupon return to the positions shown in the drawings, thereby deenergizing the closing coil`5 7 of the circuit interrupter 11.

A single winding relay 58 is o ratively connected from one conductor of t e circuitA 2, through theV switch 14, to one' of the brushes 33 of the converter 3. When the and the circuit 2 is a relatively small amount, the movable contact member 59v of the`relav its stationary contact meme purpose of completing a circuit from the terminal 20 of the transformer 22,l through the contact members 72 and 7 3,

which are normally in engagement, the

winding of the rela 61, the contact members 59 and 60 of t e relay 58, the contact members 37 and 38 which are engaged when the brushes 33 are lowered to engage the commutat'or c linder 34 of the converter 3,

the switch 1 and the switch 12, to the terminal 21 of the transformer. When the operating winding of the switch 61 is energized, it causes its contact members 'to com plete the circuit of the closing coil 62 of a circuit interrupter 63 that is connected between the terminals of the converter 3 -and the circuit 2. When the circuit interrupter 63 is closed, it causes the movable contact member 65 of itsauxiliaryfswitch 64 to enits stationary. contact members 66.

switch 64 is closed, the

" en the lauixilia actuating coil 68' o a switch 69 is energized for the purpose of causing its movable contact members 70 to enga its stationary contact members 71 to comp ete the circuit from coil the converter 3 to the circuit 2. 4The switch 69 vis provided also with a movable contact member 72 that is adapted to disengage stationary contact members 7 3k for thepurpose of de-energizin the -winding of the electromagnetic switc 61 after the circuit interru ter 63 is closed. l

e circuit interrupter 63 is provided with a low-voltage trip coil 74 that is oper!- tively connected, through the switch 12 of the circuit interrupter 5, to the respective terminals 4of the transformer 23. Thus, when the voltage falls' on the alternatingcurrent circuit 1, the circuit interrupter 63 v will beltripped and,'since the circuit in. terrupter 11.is also `provided with a lowvolta e trip coil 75 which is connected in para] el with the low-volta it will be understood that, w voltage falls on the circuit 1, the circuit interrupters tri coil 74 en the 11 and 63 will be tripped. Similarly, the l.

circuit interrupter 5 is provided with a lowvoltage trip coil 76 that is connected to the trans the interrupter 5 when the voltage on the circuit 1 decreases to a predetermined value. The converter 3 is rovided with an overspeed device 77 that 1s adapted to establish aV closed-circuit connection around the lowvoltage trip coil 76 when the speed of the converter 3 exceeds a predetermined value. This will cau the circuit interrupter 5 to be tripped'and the switch 12 to be opened,

whereupon the low voltage coils 75 and l74 of the circuit interrupters 11 and 63, respec tively, will bede-energized, and the interers 11 and 63 will open. i

reverse-'energy relay 78 is connected to vthe terminals of a current shunt 79 and to the terminals of the converter 3 and is provided with a movable ,contact member 78 that is adapted to engagea stationary contact member 8O .for the circuiting the terminals o lthe trip coil 76 when 'the energy traversing the'connection between the circuit 2 and the converter 3 reormer 23 for the purpose of tripping urpose of close-- ico iio i verses from its normal direction. That is, ii

the converter 3 tends to operate as a motor, it is advisable to disconnect the same from the circuit. i

ASince it is desirable to disconnect the converter 3 when the load traversin the circuit 2 is less than a predetermined v ue, we Arovideva current relay 81 that is-adap to maintain ltlie circuit 16 closed when a redetermined current traverses the same. e rela 81 is provided lwith a timeelement device 82 in order that, when the load traversingthe circuit 2 `falls belowa predetermined value, its movable bridging contact member 83 will disenga contact members a pre etermined time after'A the load on the circuit 2 falls to a predetermined -value to cause'the de-energization of the operating winding of the its stationary .img

Since the relays and 81 have their contact members connected in parallel, -it is understood that the circuit interrupter 5 may be opened when the load traversing the circuit 2 falls below a predetermined value for va predetermined period .of time and when the voltage of the circuit 2 is greater than a predetermined value. The time-element device 82 of the relay 81 is so proportioned that it will permit suicient time to elapse between the decreasing of the energy traversing the circuit 2 and the separation of the contact members 83 and 84 in-order that a temporary decrease in load may occur whena locomotive stops to discharge passengers or freight without the necessity of causing the converter 3 to be disconnected.

When the circuit interrupter 5 is opened, by reason of the decrease in the load onthe circuit 2, or by reason of the reversal of energ in the converter 3, the switch 1-2 will cause the'trip coil 87 of the circuit interrupter 11 to be energized for the purpose of tripping the same. The circuit interrupter 5 is provided also with overload trip coils 88 for the purpose of tripping the same when an overload traverses the cir-I cuit 1.

vWe do not limit our invention to the particular-arrangement illustrated, as it may be variously modified without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention as set forth in the appended claims.

We claim as our invention:

1. The combination with a rotary converter and a reversing switch for the fieldmagnet winding thereof, of a polarized relay connected to the terminals ofthe converter, automatic means controlled by the relay for actuatin the switch into one position only when t e polarity of the rotary is incorrect and a spring for normally actuatiirgthe switch into its other position. 2.

combination with a rotary converter, and a s ring-restrained reversin switch for the fiel -magnet windings thereo of automatic means for actuating the switch against the action of its spring only when the polarity of the converter has a predetermined direction.'

3. In an electrical system, the combination with a direct-current circuit and a. converter, of a circuit interrupter for o atively connecting the converter to the directcurrent circuit, and a sin le-windng relay energized only .by the di erence in voltage between the converter and the direct-current circuit for controlling the closing of the circuit interrupter.

4. In an electrical system, thel combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit, av rotary converter, and means for connecting the converter to the alternating-current circuit, under rede-V termined voltage conditions in the irectcurrent circuit, of means for reversing the Apolarity of the field winding of the converter, means for connecting the converter to the direct-current circuit, and a polarized relay for controlling the said reversing and thev said connecting means.

5. I n an electrical system'fthe combination with an alternating-current circuit, a. directcurrent circuit, a converter and a transformer having low and high-potential terminals thereon, 'of-1a circuit interrupter for operatively connecting the transformer to the alternating-current circuit under predetermined voltage conditions, a second circuit interrupter dependent only upon the operation of the 'first interrupter for operatively connecting the converter to the lowpotential terminals on the transformer, a

third circuit. interrupter dependent onlyl upon the operation of the second interrupter for o ratively connecting the converter to the high-potential terminals on the transformer, a fourth interrupter for o eratively connect-ing the converter to the irect-current circuit after the said third interrupter is closed, and means for so controlling the operation of the fourth interrupter that it will close only when the voltage of the converter has a predetermined value and the correct polarity.

6. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit, a converter and a transformer, of a circuit interrupter for connecting the transformer to the alternatingcurrent circuit, means for lifting the brushes on the converter and for connecting the converter to relatively low-potential taps on the transformer, when the lnterrupter 1s closed, means for connectin the converter to highpotential points on t e transformer and for lowe the brushes on the converter, means or determining the olarit of the converter and for reversing t e fiel -magnet windings of the converter if the polarityis reversed, and means for connecting the converter to the direct-current circuit when the difference between the converter voltage and the voltage of the direct-current circuit has a predetermined value.

7 In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, aV directcurrent circuit, a rotary converter, and means for connecting the converter-to the alternating-current circuit, of means forcausing the converter to slip a pole for the verter purpose of reversing its polarity, means for connecting the converter to the direct-current circuit when it has a predetermined voltage, and a singlemeans dependent u on the polarity of the converter for contro ing the operation of the pole slipping and the connecting means.

8. In a distribution system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit and means for, connectin a synchronous converter between said circuits, of means for automatically raising all but two brushes of unlike polarity, means for starting the, converter that are controlled and initiated by the brush-raising means and automatic means res onsive 'to the polarity of the two unraised rushes for controlling the lowering of the raised brushes.

9. In a distribution system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit and means for connecting a synchronous converter between said circuits, of means for establishing starting and running connections between the alternating-current circuit and the converter, means for raising all but two brushes of un-Y like polarity from the commutator, means controlled by the brush-raising means for controlling the starting connections of the converter, means responsive to the polarity of the converter for controlling the running connections thereof to the alternating-current circuit and means energized upon the completion of the running connections for automatically lowering the brushes.

10. The combination with a converter and means for automatically connecting the same to an electrical system, of automatic means for raising all but two brushes of unlike polarit from the commutator of the con- {iefore the converter isv connected to the system and for lowerin the brushes after the connection is elfecte 11. The combination with a rotary transformer and a direct-current circuit, of a relay having a single winding connected between the rotary transformer and the direct-current circuit and energized by the difference of otential only between the transformer an the direct-current circuit to control the automatic connection of the converter to the circuit. l

12. The combination with a converter, a direct-current circuit and means for automatically startingl the converternnder predetermined condltions in the direct-current circuit, of a relay having a single winding energized only by the potential diii'erence between the converter and the direct-current circuit for permitting the connection of the converterV to the circuit when the potential difference has a predetermined value. y

13. The combination with a converter and a direct-current circuit, of a single-winding relay connected between 'the converter and the direct-current circuit to be energized only by the potential difference therebetween to control the connection ofthe converter to the direct-current circuit when the difference in 1voltage therebetween has a predetermined va ue.

14. In an electrical system, the combina` tion vwith an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit, a transformer and a converter, of a circuit interrupter for automatically connecting the transformer to the alternatm -current circuit under predetermined loa conditions inthe direct-current circuit, means energized upon the closing of the interrupter for automatically raising all but two brushes ofunlike polarity from the commutator, a second interrupter controlled by the brush-raising means for connecting t e converter to relatively low-potential terminals on'the transformer, a third interrupter closed upon'the development 'of va predetermined polarity inthe converter for converter, of a circuit interrupter for con- Y necting the transformerl to the alternatin current circuit under predetermined conci;- tions in the direct-current circuit, a second interrupter controlled only by the first interrupter for connecting the converter to relatively lowotential points on the transformer, a thir 'interrupter controlled only by the closing .of the second interru ter for connecting theconverter to relative y highpotential points on the transformer, a fourth interrupter for connecting the converter to Vthe direct-current circuit, and a polarized relay responsive to the polarity of lthe converter anda voltage relay connected between the converter and the direct current circuit for controlling the operation ofthe fourth nterru ter.

16. e combination with a synchronous dynamo-electric machine and a reversing switch for the eld winding'thereof, of a spring for normally yieldingly holding ythe switch in one position, and polarity-responsive means for reversing the switch when the polarity of the machine has a predetermined direction.`

.17. The combination with a rotary converter, of means for automatically raising the brushes from the commutator cylinder before the converter is started, and means for automatically lowering the brushes when the converter is supplied with a predetermined Voltage.

18. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a transformer and a converter, of a circuit interru ter for connecting the transformer to the ternating-current circuit in response to a drop -in voltage in the direct-current circuit, a second interrupter controlled only by the closure of the first interru rter for connectin the converter to relative y low-potential points on the transformer, a third interrupter controlled only by the closure of the second interrupter for connecting the coni verter to relatively high-potential points on the-transformer, and means for connecting highthe converter to the direct-current circuit when the polarity and potential of the converter are of a predetermined direction and value.

19. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a

direct-current circuit, a transformer and a fourth interrupter that it is closed onlyv when the volta of the converter is of a predetermined va ue and of correct polarity.

20. In an automatic self starting synchronous converterstem, the-combmation with a converter of vih of unlike larity are raised before the converter isl irectly connected across the system, of means connected to the two unraised brushes, for automatically effecting the lowering of the raised brushes after the converter is connected to the system.

21. In an automatic self starting i chronous converter system, the combinatlon with `a. converter that is to be connected to. a portion of the system to have part of the normal voltage impressed thereon and then to another portion of the system to have the full volta impressed thereon, all but two brushes o unlike polarity being in a raised position during the process of connection, of means connected to the two unraised brushes for automatically effecting the lowering of the brushes when the converter is connected to have the full voltage of the system impressed thereon.

22. The combination with a rotary converter, of means for raisin all but two brushes of unlike polarity rom the'commutator, means responsive to the polarity of ich all but two brushes' the two brushes forreversing the excitation of the converter if the and for subsequently e ecting the lowering of the brushes after the polarity is determined to be correct.

23. The combination with a rotary converter, of means for raising all but two brushes ofunlike olarity from the commutator, a polarizedp relayres onsive to the polarity of the two unraised rushes for reversing the excitation of the converter if the polarity is incorrect and for subsequently effecting the automatic lowering of the brushes after the polarity` is determined to be correct. A

24. The combination with an alternatingcurrent circuit, a transformer, a rota-ry converter and means for automatically connecting the converter to relatively low-potential and relatively high-potential terminals of the transformer windin of means for automatically raising all iit unlike polarity from the commutator of the converter before the converter is connected to the highotential terminals of the transformer and or automatically lowering those brushes after theconverter is connected to said terminals.

'25. The combination with an alternatingcurrent circuit, a transformer havin relatively low-potential and relatively high-potential terminals, a rotary converter and means for connecting the converter to the several terminals, and means whereby all but two brushes of unlike polarity are raised from the commutator before the connection to the high-potential terminals, of means for automatically lowering the raised brushes when the converter is connectedto the highpotential terminals.

26. In anautomati'c s nchronous converter substation, the com ination with an alternating-current circuit, a converter, a di rect-current circuit, means for applying a reduced voltage to the converter to start the same and for then applying the -full voltage of the alternating-current circuit thereto,

clarity' is" incorrect two brushes of and means for then connecting the converter v to the direct-current circuit, of means for raising all but two brushes of unlike polarity from the commut ator while the converter is being started to preclude fiashing thereon, means responsive to the polarity of the unraised brushes for controlling the lowerin of the raised brushes and means for contro ling each operation in accordance with the com letion of the preceding operation in a pre etermined sequence.

27. The combination with a circuit and a rotary converter that shall have a predeter-mined polarity beforebeing connected thereto, of a reversing switch for the field- Vmagnet winding of the converter that is normally biased to one osition and means re- 'switch in one vposition and iiaeeaY actuating the switch to another position when the polarity of the converter is reversed.

28. The combination with a synchronous dynamo-electric machine and a` reversing` switch for the lield winding thereof, of.

means for normally yieldingl holding the go arity responsive means for reversing t e switch when the polarity of the machine has a predetermined direction.

29. The combination with a ,rotaryv converter, of a reversing switch for the fieldmagnet winding of the converter that is' normally biased to` one position, and automatic means for actuating the reversing switch to anotherv position only vwhen the polarit of the converter is incorrect. Y

30. n a distribution system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a synchronous dynamo-electric-machine, having a field winding and adapted to be coni nected to the alternating-current circuit, andmeans for consecutively. applying a reduced voltage and the normal voltage ofthe v circuit to the machine windings, of means for controlling the a plication of the normal voltage in accor ance with the excitation ,of the field winding of the machine.

31. In a distribution system, the combina,- tion with an alternating-current circuit, a

` synchronous dynamo-electric machine having a field winding and adapted to be connected to the alternating-current circuit, and means for consecutively applying a reduced voltage and the normal voltage of the circuit to the machine windings, of means responsive to the excitation of the field winding of the machine for controlling the normal voltage-applying means.

32. In a distribution system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a

synchronous dynamo-electric machine hav ing a field winding and adapted to be con- Vcircuit to the machine windings, of means energized in accordance with the field current for controlling the normal-voltage-applying means.

34. In a distribution system, the combinasecutively applying 1a. reduced volta tion with an-alternating-current circuit, a synchronous converter having a eld winding and adapted to be connected to the alternating-current circuit, and means for consecutively applying a reduced voltage and the normalvoltage of the circuit to the converterv windings, of means responsive to the polarity of the converter for controlling the,

normal-voltage-applyingmeans.

35. In a distribution system,the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a synchronous converter having a field winding andv adapted to be connectedl to the alternating-current circuit, andl means for consecutively 'applying a reduced lvoltalge the normal voltage of the ,circuit to t e verter windings of means .ener ed in accordance withe polarit .of e converter and j confor controlling the norma -VOlta'ge-applyiug means.

36.I In a distribution system, the combina-H tion with an alternating-'current circuit, a'- synchronous converter having 'a field winding and adapted to be connected to the alterhating-current circuit, and *means for conand the normal voltage of the circuit to e converter windin of a larized relay responsiveto the po arity o the converter for controlling app ying means.

, 37. In a 'distribution system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a

the actuation of the normal-voltagesynchronous converter having a field winding and adapted to be connected to the alternating-current circuit, and means for consecutively ap lying a reduced volta and the normal vo tage of the .circuit tot e converter windings, of a polarized relay connected to the converter for controllin the actuation of then iiori'Iial-voltage-app ying means. V A

Y. 38. The combinationwith an alternatingcurrent circuit, a directfcurrent circuit and a synchronous converter, of automatic means for starting the converter from the alternating-current circuit to permit the developmentof ,the polarity thereof at random, reversing the polarity if it should develop in .los

a direction opposite to a predetermined polarity-.and completing the normal connetions between the alternating-current circuit. and theconverter, and then connecting i the converter to the direct-current circuit.

39. The combination with an alternatingcurrent circuit, a direct-current circuit and a synchronous converter, of automatic means for starting the converter from the alternating-current .circuit to permit the development of the polarity thereof at random, reversing the polarity if it'should develop in a direction opposite. to a predeterminedpolarity, and completing the normal connections between the alternating-current circuit and the converter, and Ameans for 40. The combination with an alternatingv current-supplyV circuit and a lsynchronous converter, of' means .responsive to the` polarity of the direct-currentY end' of Vthe converter for controlling the connections of the converter to the supply circuit. Y

41.A The combination with an alternatingcurrent circuit and a synchronous converter, of means res onsive to the electrical condition of the 'rect-current end of the converter forV controlling the connection of the converter to the alternating-current circuit.

.42. The combination with an alternatingcurrent circuit, a direct-current circuit and asynchronous converter adapted to be connected therebetween, of means responsive to the polarity of the converter for controlling the connection of the converter to the alterlisting-current and the direct-current circuits. v

43. Inan electric system, the combination with an alternating-.current circuit, a directcurrent circuit, and -a synchronous converter, of means for connecting the converter bei tween the' two circuits, automatic means for Vcontrolli -the converter for controlling the converter to` develop a predetermined polarity and for controlling said connecting means.

45. The combination with an alternatingcurrent circuit, a direct-current circuit and a self-excited synchronous converter provided with a shunt field winding and adapted to be connected therebetween, of means for controlling the development of a predetermined polarity while energizing the field winding from the commutator of the converter only and for controlling the connection ,of the converter between the two circuits.

46. In a power-distributing system, the combination with a synchronous converter adapted to be connected between 'an altermating-current circuit and adirect-current circuit, Aof two .circuit-controlling devices connected between the direct-current end of the converter and the direct-current circuit, each circuit-controlling device being provided with an operating coil and the coil of one of the devices being energized from the alternating-current circuit of the system.

rupee 47. In a power-distributing system, the combination with a synchronous converter adapted to be connected between an alternatlng-current circuit and a direct-current circuit, and a shunt field winding for the converter, of means'for connecting the winding to the converter comprisin yan operat-v;

necting means if the polarity is in a pre-v determined direction and for changing the excitation of the shunt field winding if the polarity is in the opposite direction.

49. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit and a synchronous converter to be connected therebetween, of

means for-consecutively applying a reduced voltage and the normal voltage of the alternating-current circuit to the converter, and automatic means for controlling the energization of the field winding of the converter from the commutator thereof to develop a predetermined polarity therein while the reduced volta is applied to the converter and for controlling the subsequent application of.

the normal voltage thereto.

50. The combination with a synchronous converter rovided with a shunt field winding and a apted to be connected between an alternating-current circuit and a direct-current circuit, of means or applying a. reduced voltage for starting the converter from rest and for applying normal voltage thereto,

Vsaid means being dependent upon the converter attaining synchronous speed, a predetermined polarity and predetermined condi- K tions in the shunt eldwinding.

51. The combination with an alternatingcurrent circuit until said brushes are raised.v

52. The combination with an alternatingcurrent circuit, a direct-current circuit, a synchronous converter and means for connecting the converter between both circuits, of means for raising all but two'brushes of unlike polarity from the commutator of the chine operated converter and means for precluding the connection of the converter to the direct-current circuit until said brushes are lowered.

53.. The combination with a rotating'maby alternating-current ener and provided embodying a plurality of segments, and a plurality of brushes lfor transferring current between the segments and an external circuit, of an electromagnetic `device comprising a member movab e in two directions and twowindings for controlling the direction of the movement of said member, automatically controlled switching means for controllin the circuits -of said windings and a limit switch for also controlling t e circuits of said windings to revent movement of the movable member eyond predetermined limits.

54. The combination with a rotating Inachine operated by alternating-current ener and rovided with a commutator cylin er embo ying a plurality of segments, and a plurality of brushes for transferring cur- -rent between the segments and an external circuit, of an electroma netic device compriling a member movab e in two directions and two windings for controlling the direction of the movement of said member, automatically controlled switching means for controlling the circuits of said windings and a limit switch controlled by the movable member of said electromagnetic device to control the circuits of the operating windin. c v

55. e combination with a rotating translating aparatus embod ing a commutator cylin er provided wit a plurality 'of segments, and a plurality of current-conducting means for transferring current between the segments andan external circuit, of normally dia-energized means, automatically initiated in response to external conditions that are to be controlled by the apparatus tions o the current-conducting means and the surface ofthe commutator cylinder.

56, The combination with a rotating translating aparatus embod ing a commutator cylin er provided wit4 a plurality of segments and a plurality of brushes for engaging the commutatorl surface, of means for controllin the relativepositions of the brushes and t e commutator cylinder, s lectromagnetic means adapted to be energized in response to external conditions and comprising a member movable in two directions, and means' operatively connected between the brush-controlling means and the movable member of the electromagnetic means to actuate the brush-controlling means.

57. Tlie combination with a rotating translating a paratus embed ing a commutator cylin ler provided wit a plurality of segments and a plurality of brushes for with a commutator 'cylin er for controlling the relative posi-tn a plurality of t e brushes, an electiomagnetic device comprising a inember movable in two directions and a plurality of windings for controlling the direction of said movement, and a switch device controlled by the movable member to control the circuits of said windings.`

58. The combination with a rotating translating alparatus embod ing a commutator cylin er provided wit a plurality ofv segments and a plurality of brushes for engaging the commutator surface, of a movab e supporting member, for the brushes, an electroma netic device comprising a member actuable in two directions and a plurality of windings for controlling the movement of said member, a switch'in device for controlling the circuits of said windings and means operatively connected between the actuable member of the electromagnetic device and botli the brush supporting member and the switching device for controlling the respective positions thereof.

59. In an electrical system, tion with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit and a converter, of means for automatically connecting the converter to the alternati -current circuit under predetermined conditions, and means responsive to the polarityof the converter for controlling the connection thereof to the direct-current circuit always in the same manner.

60. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit, and a converter, of means for automatically controlling the connection of the converter to the alternatin current circuit under predetermined cond;- tions, and means responsive to the olarity of the converter for controlling tie converter to cause the polarity to be of a predetermined direction and for controlling the connection of tlie converter to the directcurrent circuit always in the same manner.

61. A control system for starting a synchronous converter comprising means for starting the converter from its alternatingcurrent end and developing a predetermined polarity at its direct-current end, said means comprising relay-controlled means operative in a predetermined sequence, and provided with operating wndin and switches, and means for connecting t e switches and the operating windings of the succeeding means in the predetermined sequence to cause the energization and consequent actuation of the. several means directly upon the actuation of the preceding means in the predetermined sequence.

62. In an electrical system, the combinathe combinal cuit, means for connectin tion with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit and a synchronous converter for translating energy therebey tween, of relay-controlled means voperative in a predetermined sequence for controlling the development of a predetermined polarlty and the connection of the converter between the two circuits, in which sequence the respective means are dependent for their operation only upon the completion of the operation of the preceding means in said Sequence.

63. In an electrical system, the comblnation with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit and a synchronous converter for translatin energy therebetween, of relay-controlled means operative in a predetermined sequence for controlling the development of a predetermined polarity' in the converter and the connection thereof between the two circuits, in which sequence the respective means are dependent for their operation only upon the completion of the operation of the preceding means in said sequence, said relay-controlling means being provided with operating windings and switches and the switches of the res ective means being connected to the windlng of the succeeding means to cause the immediate energization thereof andthe consequent actuation ofthe associated switch directly upon the actuation of the preceding means in the predetermined sequence.

64. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternatin -current circuit, a direct-current circuit am? a synchronous converter to be connected therebetween, of means for consecutively applying a reduced voltage and the normal voltage ofthe alternatingcurrent circuit to the converter, means energized from the converter for developing a predetermined polarity in the converter while the converter is subjected tothe reduced voltage, and lmeans -responsive to a condition of the direct-current end for controlling the application of the normal voltage to the converter. i

65. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit, a converter for translating Jener therebetween and a transformer provided with main and low-potential terminals, of 'means for connecting the transformer to the alternating-current cirthe converter windings to the low-potentla'l terminals of the transformer, means whereby the commu-V tator brushes are maintained in raised :position while the converter windings are connected to the low-potential terminals,imeans for determining the polarity ofthe converter and for reversing the polarity if itl be other than a predetermined polarity and means for subsequently connecting the converter windings to the main terminals Aof converter commutator ergizing the shunt the transformer and for lowering the brushes to the commutator cylinder.

66. A control system for starting a synchronous converter from its alternating-current end and developing a Ypredetermined polarity at its direct-current end, comprising means for applying a relatively low-potential electromotive force to start the converter and accelerate it to synchronous speed, means for controllin the direction of excitation of the shunt eldwinding from the while the converter windings are subjected tothe low-potential force and means responsive to a condition of the direct-current end for controlling'the subsequent ap lication of the normal o `erating potentia force to the converter windings. I

67. A control system for starting a synchronous converter from its alternating-current end and developing a predetermined polarity atits direct-current end'while kenergizing the shunt rect-current end, comprising means for yapplying a relatively low-potential force to the windings to start the converter and accelerate it to synchronous speed, means for controlling the-direction of `energization of the shunt field winding from the directcurrent end of the converter to developl the predetermined polarity and means for subsequentl applying the normal operating potential orce to t e converter windings.V

68. A control system for startinga synchronousv converter from vits alternatingcurrent end and developing a predetermined polarity at its direct-current end while enield winding from the direct-current end, comprising means. for app-lyinga relatively low-potential force to the windings to start the converter and accelerate it to synchronous speed, means vfor controlling the direction of. energization of the shunt field` Winding .from the directcurrent end of the converterto develop the 'predetermined clarity and lmeans responsive to a conditlon of the direct-current end ofy -the converter for controlling the applicatlon of the normal operating potential force to the converter windings, i 69. A control system for; starting a synchronous converter from its alternatingcurrent end and developing a predetermined polarity at its .direct-current end-'by energizing the shunt field vwinding from thel direct-current end, comprising means for applying a relatively low-potential force to the wlndings to start the converter, means for controlling 'the energization of theshunt field winding from` the-direct-current end of the converter to always ultimately` .energize the winding inapredetermined `direction, and means connected to the direct-- current end of the converter for subsequently controlling thev application of noreld winding from the i di.-

mees

mal opera-ting voltage to the converter 70. e combination with a synchronous converter provided with a shunt field winding and means for consecutively applying electromotive forces of reduced and of normal values to the converter,l of means for controllin the development of a predetermined aritv in. the converter while theV reduce electromotive force is ap lied thereto comprising means for contro ling the direction of the current that may traveree the shunt -field winding, and means responsive to volta e of a predetermined polarity developed y the converter for rendering inefective the means for applying the reduced electromotive force and or rendering operative the means for applying the normal value of electromotive force.

71. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, u. direct-current circuit and a synchronous converter, of means for a plying la rela-` controlling the application of the normal voperating electromotive force tothe converter. I

72. In an electrlcalsystem, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a

direct-current circuit and a synchronous converter to be connected therebetween, of a transformer, a circuit interruptor between the alternating-current circuit and the primary windings thereof vices between the secondary windin s of the transformer and the armature win ings of the converter for respectively `applying a` reduced electromotive force and t e normal electromotive force tothe armature windings, and means operative while the reduced electromotive force is .applied to the converter for controlling the excitation of the shunt eld winding to eiect the development of a predetermined polarity and for controlling the application of the normal operating electromotive force to the windings when the predetermined polarity is established.

78. In an electric system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit, and a rotary transformer to be connected therebetween, of means for starting the converter by energy from the alternating-current circuit applied to the alternating-current end of the converter and for developing a predetermined two switching de- IIJ polarity at the direct-current end of the converter, corresponding to the polarit of the direct-current circuit, by contro ing the direction of energization of the shunt field winding of the converter from the direct-current end of the converter.

74. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, n direct-current circuit, a s nchronous converter to translate energy t erebetween, and a power transformer provided with lowpotential and main terminals between the alternating-current circuit and the con- ,vertery of means. for connecting the alternating-current circuit to the transformer, means for connecting the lowotential terminals to the converter win ings, means connected to the direct-current end of the converter for controllin the development of a predetermined po arity in the converter, means for connecting the main terminals to the converter windings after the polarity of the converter is established, means for then connecting the direct-current end of the lconverter to the direct-current circuit and means associated with the res ective connecting means for rendering sai lconnecting means operative dependent solely u on the correct and complete operation o the next preceding connecting means.

75. lIn an electrical system,ithe combina- `tion with an alternating-current circuit, a

directcurrent circuit, a s nchronous converter to translate energy t erebetween, and a power transformer provided with lowpotential and 'main terminals between the alternating-current circuit and the converter,

of means for connecting the alternating` current circuit `to, the transformer, means for connecting the low-potential terminals to the converter windings, means connected to the direct-current end4 of the converter, for then controlling the converter to develop a predetermined polarity, means for then connecting the main terminals of the transformer tothe converter windin s, means for subsequently connecting the irect-current end of the converter to the direct-current circuit, and relay devices for controlling said aforementioned means in the recited sequence dependent only upon the proper completion of the operation of the next proceding means. p

76. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit and a synchronous converter, of means for applying a reduced electromotive force to the converter windings to start the converter, means operative while the converter .is subjected to the reduced electromotive force to constitute a standard of polarity, means energized from the direct-current end of the converter and cooperating with the standard of polarity to control the excitation of the shunt field winding to cause the development of a predetermined polarity in the converter and for controlling the subsequent application of 4normal operating clectromotive force to thc converterv windings.

77. In an electrical system, the combina-- tion with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit and a synchronous converter, of means for a plying a reduced electromotive force to t e converter windings to start the converter, means operative While the converter is subjected to the reduced elcctromotive force to constitute a standard of polarity, means energized from the direct-current end of the converter and co-operating with the standard of polarity to control the excitation of the shunt field winding and means operative after the development of a predetermined polarityin the converter for controlling the subsequent application of normal operating electromotive force to the converter windings.

78. A control system for starting a synchronous converter from its alternatingcurrent end and developing a predetermined .polarity at its direct-current end, comprising means for applying a relatively low potential force to start the converter, switching mea-ns for controlling the direction of excitation of the shunt field Winding, means connected to the direct-current end of the converter for controlling said switching means and means operative when the shunt field winding is ultimately connected to the converter in a predetermined manner an d energized therefrom in a predetermined d1- rection for rendering the low-voltage means ineffective and for controlling'the application of normal operating electromotive force to the converter windings.

79. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a direct-current circuit, a synchronous converter and a transformer having low and high potential terminals thereon, of a circuit interrupter for connecting the transformer to the alternating-current circuit, a second circuit interrupter dependent only upon the operation of the first interrupter for operatively connecting the converter to the low-potential terminals of the transformer, means connected to the converter for controlling the development of a predetermined polarity, a third circuit interrupter dependent upon the o eration of the second interru ter and the evelopmentV of a predetermined polarity in the converter for operatively connecting the converter to the high-potential terminals of the transformer, a fourth interrupter for connecting the converter to the direct-current circuit, and means dependent u on the operation of the third interrupter or controlling the operation of the fourth interrupter.

80. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit, a

direct-current circuit, a converter, and a transformer having low and high potential terminals thereon, of a circuit interrupter for operatively connecting the transformer to the alternating-current circuit, a second circuit interrupter dependent only upon the operation of the first interrupter for operatively connecting the converter to the lowpotential' terminals on the transformer,

means connected to the converter for controlling the development of a predetermined polarity in the converter, a third circuit interrupter dependent only upon the operation of the second interrupter for operatively connecting the converter to the highpotential terminals on the transformer, a

fourth interrupter for operatively connecting the converter to the direct-current circu1t after the said third interrupter is closed, and means for so controlling the operation of the fourth interrupter that itl will close only when the voltage of the converter has a predetermined value and the correctpolarity. Y

' 81. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit a direct-current circuit, a transformer an a converter, of a circuit interrupter for connecting the transformer to the alternatingcurrentl circuit, a second interrupter controlled only by the closure of the first interrupter for'connecting the converter to relaf for operatively connecting the transformer 1- to the alternating-current circuit, a second circuit interrupter dependent only upon the operation of the first interrupter for operatively connect-ing the converter to the lowpotential terminals on the transformer, means connected to the converter for controlling the development of a predetermined polarity in the converter, a third circuit interrupter dependent lonly upon the operation of the second interrupter for operatively connecting the converter to the high-potential terminals on the transformer, a fourth .interrupter for operatively connecting the converter to the direct-current circuit after the said third interrupter is closed, and means for so controlling theoperation ofthe fourth interrupter that it will close only when the voltage of the converter has a predetermined polarity.

83. In an electrical system, the combinaformer, a relay for controlling the startm means, a relay for controlling the norma operating means, a transfer relay forl controlling said control rela sand means responsive to the polarity o the rotary transformer for controlling the operation of the transfer relay.

84. In an electrical system, the combination with an alternating-current circuit and a rotary transformer to be energized therefrom, of means for applying relatively lowpotential electromotive force to start the transformer, means for applying normal operating electromotive force to the transformer, a relay for controlling the normal operating means, a transfer relay for controlling the vstarting means and the control relay .associated with the normal. operating means, and means energized in accordance with the' polarity of the direct-current end of the rotary transformer for controlling the transfer relay.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name this 5th day of May, 1924.

FREDERIC C. HANKER.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name this 26th day of May, 1924.

, y CHARLES McL. MOSS. 

